Composição química e cinética de degradação ruminal in vitro de aveia branca cv. URS guapa sob diferentes níveis de adubação nitrogenada / Chemical compounds and kinects of in vitro ruminal degradation of white oats URS Guapa under distinct levels of nitrogen fertilization

Avaliaram-se as doses de nitrogênio 0, 60, 120 e 240kg ha-1 sobre a composição bromatológica e os parâmetros da cinética de degradação ruminal da aveia branca obtida de dois anos de cultivo (2013-2014). Foram realizadas as análises de matéria seca, matéria mineral (MM), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro (aFDNmo), lignina, carboidratos solúveis (CHOs) e proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido (PIDA). Não foi observado efeito da adubação nitrogenada sobre as variáveis em nenhum dos anos de cultivo. As variáveis bromatológicas foram influenciadas pelos fatores ambientais. A cinética de degradação ruminal foi correspondente à composição bromatológica. No ano de 2013, foram observados valores superiores para as variáveis PB, MM, PIDA, CHOs e carboidratos não fibrosos, o que influenciou positivamente nos parâmetros da cinética de produção de gás in vitro, Vf 1 e k 2. A composição da cultivar em 2014 tendeu a maiores teores de aFDNmo, lignina e carboidratos totais e a valores superiores para os parâmetros Vf 2 e L. O parâmetro k 1 não foi significativo nos períodos avaliados. Em 2014 o valor nutritivo foi negativamente influenciado pelo atraso na semeadura e pela soma de períodos de restrição hídrica combinados com a elevação da temperatura.(AU)

Doses of Nitrogen were evaluated: 0, 60, 120 and 240kg ha-1 on the chemical composition and rumen degradation kinetics of white oats obtained from two consecutive years (2013-2014). For nutritional characterization the following parameters were analyzed: dry matter; ash, crude protein, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber, lignin, soluble carbohydrates and insoluble acid detergent protein. No effect of nitrogen fertilization was observed on the variables analyzed in any of the growing years. The nutritional variables were influenced by environmental factors that occurred in the respective experimental periods and the parameters of ruminal degradation kinetics corresponded to the effects in these compounds. In year 2013, higher values were observed for the variables crude protein, ash, insoluble acid detergent protein, soluble CHO and no fibrous carbohydrates, resulting in higher values also for the in vitro gas production kinetics, Vf1 and k2. Nutritional contents in 2014 tended to higher levels of NDF, lignin and total carbohydrates, and higher values for the parameters Vf2 and L. The parameter k1 was not significant in any of the experimental periods evaluated. In 2014 the forage has its nutritive value negatively influenced by the delay in sowing and the periods of water restriction combined with higher temperatures.(AU)

A high-carbohydrate diet induces greater inflammation than a high-fat diet in mouse skeletal muscle

We previously reported that both the high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and high-fat diet (HFD) given for two months promote lipid deposition and inflammation in the liver and brain of mice. The results obtained indicate a tissue-specific response to both diets. Herein, we compared the effects of HCD and HFD on fatty acid (FA) composition and inflammation in the gastrocnemius muscle. Male Swiss mice were fed with HCD or HFD for 1 or 2 months. Saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), n-3 polyunsaturated FA (n-3 PUFA), and n-6 PUFA were quantified. The activities of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1), Δ-6 desaturase (D6D), elongase 6, and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) were estimated. As for indicators of the inflammatory tissue state, we measured myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and gene expression of F4/80, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and IL-10. The HCD led to a lower deposition of SFA, MUFA, n-3 PUFA, and n-6 PUFA compared to HFD. However, the HCD increased arachidonic acid levels, SFA/n-3 PUFA ratio, DNL, SCD-1, D6D, and MPO activities, and expression of IL-6, contrasting with the general idea that increased lipid deposition is associated with more intense inflammation. The HCD was more potent to induce skeletal muscle inflammation than the HFD, regardless of the lower lipid accumulation.

Effect of pre-exercise carbohydrate availability on fat oxidation and energy expenditure after a high-intensity exercise

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that reduced pre-exercise carbohydrate (CHO) availability potentiates fat oxidation after an exhaustive high-intensity exercise bout. Eight physically active men underwent a high-intensity exercise (∼95% V̇O2max) until exhaustion under low or high pre-exercise CHO availability. The protocol to manipulate pre-exercise CHO availability consisted of a 90-min cycling bout at ∼70% V̇O2max + 6 × 1-min at 125% V̇O2max with 1-min rest, followed by 48 h under a low- (10% CHO, low-CHO availability) or high-CHO diet (80% CHO, high-CHO availability). Time to exhaustion was shorter and energy expenditure (EE) lower during the high-intensity exercise in low- compared to high-CHO availability (8.6±0.8 and 11.4±1.6 min, and 499±209 and 677±343 kJ, respectively, P<0.05). Post-exercise EE was similar between low- and high-CHO availability (425±147 and 348±54 kJ, respectively, P>0.05), but post-exercise fat oxidation was significantly higher (P<0.05) in low- (7,830±1,864 mg) than in high-CHO availability (6,264±1,763 mg). The total EE (i.e., exercise EE plus post-exercise EE) was similar between low- and high-CHO availability (924±264 and 1,026±340 kJ, respectively, P>0.05). These results suggest that a single bout of high-intensity exercise performed under low-CHO availability increased post-exercise fat oxidation, and even with shorter exercise duration, both post-exercise EE and total EE were not impaired.

Efecto del fraccionamiento de la dieta y cantidad de hidratos de carbono en el control metabólico en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, sin terapia con insulina / Effect of meal frequency and carbohydrate intake on the metabolic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Increasing meal frequency is commonly used in the clinical practice as part of the nutritional treatment of patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2), although its effect on metabolic control parameters is controversial. Aim: To evaluate the association of energy intake, meal frequency, and amount of carbohydrates with fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in a group of patients with DM2 without insulin therapy. Material and Methods: Dietary intake was evaluated in 60 subjects with DM2 through three-day food records. The meal frequency was estimated establishing the main meal times considering snacks. Results: Meal frequency was 4.7 ± 1.1 times per day. There was a positive association between glycosylated and fasting blood glucose levels (p <0.01). Meal frequency was associated with energy intake (p <0.01). When meal frequency, available carbohydrates and energy intake, body mass index and fasting plasma glucose were analyzed in a multiple linear regression model, fasting blood glucose was the variable that best predicted changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (45.5%). Meal frequency had no association with glycosylated hemoglobin. Conclusions: Meal frequency showed no association with metabolic control parameters in DM2 patients.

High-CHO diet increases post-exercise oxygen consumption after a supramaximal exercise bout

We investigated if carbohydrate (CHO) availability could affect the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after a single supramaximal exercise bout. Five physically active men cycled at 115% of peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2 peak) until exhaustion with low or high pre-exercise CHO availability. The endogenous CHO stores were manipulated by performing a glycogen-depletion exercise protocol 48 h before the trial, followed by 48 h consuming either a low- (10% CHO) or a high-CHO (80% CHO) diet regime. Compared to the low-CHO diet, the high-CHO diet increased time to exhaustion (3.0±0.6 min vs 4.4±0.6, respectively, P=0.01) and the total O2 consumption during the exercise (6.9±0.9 L and 11.3±2.1, respectively, P=0.01). This was accompanied by a higher EPOC magnitude (4.6±1.8 L vs 6.2±2.8, respectively, P=0.03) and a greater total O2 consumption throughout the session (exercise+recovery: 11.5±2.5 L vs 17.5±4.2, respectively, P=0.01). These results suggest that a single bout of supramaximal exercise performed with high CHO availability increases both exercise and post-exercise energy expenditure.

Metabolic and Testicular Effects of the Long-Term Administration of Different High-Fat Diets in Adult Rats

To evaluate the effects of different high-fat diets on body mass, carbohydrate metabolism and testicular morphology in rats seven months old.

The use of halloysite clay and carboxyl-functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes for recombinant LipL32 antigen delivery enhanced the IgG response

We studied the feasibility of using halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) and carboxyl-functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNTs) as antigen carriers to improve immune responses against a recombinant LipL32 protein (rLipL32). Immunisation using the HNTs or COOH-MWCNTs significantly increased the rLipL32-specific IgG antibody titres (p < 0.05) of Golden Syrian hamsters. None of the vaccines tested conferred protection against a challenge using a virulent Leptospira interrogans strain. These results demonstrated that nanotubes can be used as antigen carriers for delivery in hosts and the induction of a humoral immune response against purified leptospiral antigens used in subunit vaccine preparations.

Calidad de hidratos de carbono de la dieta y su efecto sobre el control metabólico de la Diabetes Tipo 2 / Quality of carbohydrates in the diet and their effect on metabolic control of type 2 diabetes

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la relación entre los parámetros de control metabólico y la calidad de los hidratos de carbono (H de C) de la dieta, en sujetos diabéticos tipo 2 (DM 2), controlados con dieta y/o metformina. A 108 hombres y mujeres con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 60 años, hemoglobinas glicosiladas (HbA1c) entre 6% y 10%, sin sulfonilureas ni insulinoterapia; se les aplicó dos encuestas de recordatorio de 24 horas. Se determinó la ingesta de H de C, el índice glicémico (IG) y la carga glicémica (CG) de la dieta. Desde las fichas clínicas se obtuvieron valores recientes de HbA1c. Los datos fueron tabulados en el programa SPSS versión 17. Se utilizó el test de correlación de Pearson para analizar el grado de asociación entre las variables, considerándose significativo un p < 0,05. El promedio de HbA1c fue de 7,3 ± 1,3 %, el consumo de H de C fue de 219,8 ± 27,0 g/día; el IG fue de 74,9 ± 11,3 % y la CG fue de 164,0 ± 22,04 g. Se encontró correlación positiva y significativa entre el consumo de H de C (r=0,290; p<0,05), IG (r=0,70; p<0,001) y CG (r=0,225; p<0,05) de la dieta con los niveles de HbA1c de los sujetos estudiados. En conclusión la calidad de los H de C, especialmente el IG, de la dieta de los sujetos estudiados se asocia fuertemente al control metabólico de la DM 2.

The Objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the parameters of metabolic control and quality of carbohydrates (CHO) of the diet in individuals with type 2 diabetes, controlled with diet and / or Metformin. In 108 men and women aged between 18 and 60 years, glycosylated hemoglobin A (HbA1c) between 6 % and 10 %, without sulfonylureas or insulintheraphy; were examined through two separate surveys of 24-hour recall. The CHO intake, GI, GL of diet was analyzed. Values of HbA1c were collected from medical records. Data was tabulated in SPSS version 17 software. The Pearson correlation test was used to analyze the degree of association between variables, considering significant at p < 0.05. The mean HbA1c was 7.3 ± 1.3%, CHO consumption was 219.8 ± 27.0 g / day; GI was 74.9 ± 11.3% and GL was 164.0 ± 22.04 g. A significant positive correlation was found out between the CHO intake (r = 0.290, P < 0.05), GI (r = 0.70, p < 0.001), GL (r = 0.225, p < 0.05) of diet and HbA1c levels in the individuals. In conclusion the study showed that the quality of CHO, mainly GI, are strongly associated with metabolic control of DM 2.

Substituição do resíduo da produção de palmito da Palmeira Real Australiana (Archontophoenix alexandrae) na silagem de cana-de-açúcar em dietas de ovinos / Replacing of residue from production of palm Palm Royal Australian (Archontophoenix alexandrae) in silage of sugar cane in diets of sheep

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição química, consumo voluntário e digestibilidade aparente de dietas contendo resíduo oriundo da produção de palmito da palmeira Real Australiana (Archontophoenix alexandrae) em substituição à cana-de-açúcarem ovinos. Foram utilizados 12 ovinos com peso vivo médio de 23,3 ± 2,8 kg, mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas distribuídos em seis quadrados latinos 2x2 implementado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (três tipos de resíduo - folha, bainha e composta - e dois níveis de substituição do resíduo, 5% e 15%). Verificou-se maior consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) na substituição pelo resíduo composta. Os valores médios de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, Proteína bruta (PB), fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro corrigido para cinzas e proteína(FDNcp) e nível dietético de NDT foram maiores para o resíduo folha. Constatou- se efeito de interação entre resíduo e o nível de substituição sobre as excreções urinárias de nitrogênio total (EUN), balanço nitrogenado aparente (BNA) e compostos nitrogenados microbianos (NMIC). Resíduos da produção de palmito oriundos da palmeira Real Australiana podem ser utilizados como alimentos volumosos na dieta de animais ruminantes, sendo destes, o resíduo folha e composta os que apresentaram melhores respostas nas características avaliadas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, voluntary intake and apparent digestibility of the diets containing residue from palm heart of Australian Royal Palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) to replace sugar cane on sheep. Twelve sheep were used with average live weight of 23,3 ± 2,8 Kg and they placed in metabolism cages and distributed in six latin square 2 x 2 in a factorial design 3 x 2 (three types of residue -sheet, bark and composed - and two levels of residue’s replacement, 5% and 15%). It was observed higher intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) by substitution of composed residue. The average values of apparent digestibility of DM, OM, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre correct for ash and protein (NDFap) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were higher for sheet residue. There was interaction between type of residue and level of residue’s replacement on the urinary excretion of total nitrogen (NUE), apparent nitrogen balance (BNA) and microbial nitrogen compost (NMIC). Residues from palm heart of Australian Royal Palm can be used as roughage in the ruminants’diet, and of these residues, the sheet and composed residue showed better response in the evaluated characteristics.

Effects of R219K polymorphism of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 gene on serum lipids ratios induced by a high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet in healthy youth

BACKGROUND: Diets are the important players in regulating plasma lipid profiles. And the R219K polymorphism at the gene of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1(ABCA1) was reported to be associated with the profiles. However, no efforts have been made to investigate the changes of lipid profiles after a high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet in different subjects with different genotypes of this polymorphism. This study was to evaluate the effects of ABCA1 R219K polymorphism on serum lipid and apolipoprotein (apo) ratios induced by a high-carbohydrate/low-fat (high-CHO) diet. After a washout diet of 54.1% carbohydrate for 7 days, 56 healthy young subjects (22.89 ± 1.80 years old) were given a high-CHO diet of 70.1% carbohydrate for 6 days. Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, glucose (Glu), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apoA-1 and apoB-100 were measured on the 1st, 8th and 14th days of this study. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratios (WHR), log(TG/HDL-C), TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and apoA-1/apoB-100 were calculated. ABCA1 R219K was analyzed by a PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS: The results indicate that the male subjects of all the genotypes had higher WHR than their female counterparts on the 1st, 8th and 14th days of this study. The male K carriers had higher log(TG/HDL-C) and TC/HDL-C than the female carriers on the 1st and 14th days, and higher LDL-C/HDL-C on the 14th day. When compared with that on the 8th day, TC/HDL-C was decreased regardless of the genotypes and genders on the 14th day. Log(TG/HDL-C) was increased in the males with the RR genotype and the female K carriers. Lowered BMI, Glu and LDL-C/HDL-C were found in the male K carriers, but only lowered BMI in the female K carriers and only lowered LDL-C/HDL-C in the females with the RR genotype. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ABCA1 R219K polymorphism is associated differently in males and females with elevated log(TG/HDL-C) and decreased LDL-C/HDL-C induced by the high-CHO diet.

Apparent carbohydrate and lipid digestibility of feeds for whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Decapoda: Penaeidae), cultivated at different salinities / Digestibilidad aparente de carbohidratos y lípidos en alimentos para camarón blanco, Litopenaeus vannamei (Decapoda: Penaeidae), cultivados en diferentes salinidades

Whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei is one of the most commercially farmed species worldwide because of its fast growth, good survival rate at high farming densities, and osmoregulatory capacity, which makes it an excellent candidate for cultures at different salinities. The knowledge of shrimp nutritional requirements is critical in the formulation of diets to allow optimal growth at different environmental conditions and development stages. The effect of salinity on apparent digestibility of shrimp feed is not well known, and this information is required in shrimp diet formulation. For this purpose, the apparent digestibility coefficients of carbohydrates (ACD) and lipids (ALD) were determined for juvenile whiteleg shrimps under controlled culture conditions. We evaluated the apparent digestibility of six commercial (D1:37CP, D2:38CP, D3:39CP, D4:34CP, D5:35CP, and D6:37CP) and two experimental (E1:33CP and E2:33CP) diets for juvenile whiteleg shrimp cultivated at three salinities (5, 35 and 50psu) in 60L aquariums. ACD and ALD were determined in vivo using chromic oxide as an inert marker. Our results showed that ALD in most cases was over 80%, independent of salinity, except the E1:33CPdiet which had 74.0% at 50psu. Diet D3:39CP showed the highest ALD coefficient (90.1 and 90.6% at 5 and 35psu, respectively). For ACD, differences were detected between commercial and experimental diets at every salinity level, although salinity effect on ACD was not significant. Diet D4:34CP had the highest coefficient (92.4%) at 5psu, and E2:33CP at 35 and 50psu (97.3 and 94.7%). This study demonstrated that there is no significant effect of saline variations on carbohydrate and lipid digestibility by juvenile whiteleg shrimp, under the experimental conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 61 (3): 1201-1213. Epub 2013 September 01.

El camarón blanco, Litopenaeus vannamei, es una de las especies más cultivadas comercialmente en el mundo, debido a su velocidad de crecimiento y tasa de supervivencia en altas densidades de cultivo, y su capacidad de osmoregulación, que lo hacen un excelente candidato para cultivo en diferente salinidades. El conocimiento de los requerimientos nutricionales del camarón es fundamental en la formulación de dietas que permita el crecimiento óptimo en diferentes condiciones ambientales y fases de desarrollo del animal. El efecto de la salinidad sobre la digestibilidad aparente de alimentos comerciales para camarones no está documentado. Esta información es necesaria en el cultivo de camarón para la formulación de los alimentos comerciales. Se determinó la digestibilidad aparente de los carbohidratos (ACD) y lípidos (ALD), en juveniles del camarón blanco L. vannamei cultivado en condiciones controladas. Los tratamientos fueron seis dietas comerciales (D1:37CP, D2:38CP, D3:39CP, D4:34CP, D5:35CP y D6:37CP) y dos dietas experimentales (E1:33CP y E2:33CP) para juveniles de camarón blanco en cultivo, a tres salinidades (5, 35 y 50ups) en acuarios de 60L. Los coeficientes de digestibilidad aparente de los carbohidratos (ACD) y los lípidos (ALD) fueron determinados in vivo utilizando óxido crómico como marcador inerte en la dieta. ALD en la mayoría de los tratamientos fue superior al 80%, independientemente de la salinidad, con excepción de la dieta E1:33CP que presentó 74.0% a salinidad de 50ups. La dieta D3:39CP presentó el mayor coeficiente ALD (90.1 y 90.6 en 5 y 35ups, respectivamente). En ACD, se presentaron diferencias entre dietas comerciales y experimentales en cada nivel de salinidad, aunque la salinidad no presentó un efecto significativo. La dieta D4:34CP presentó el coeficiente de digestibilidad más alto (92.4%) en la salinidad de 5ups, mientras que E2:33CP en salinidades de 35 y 50ups fue de 97.3 y 94.7%, respectivamente. En general, el presente estudio demuestra que en juveniles de camarón blanco la variación de salinidad no afecta significativamente la digestibilidad de lípidos y carbohidratos en las condiciones experimentales de este estudio.

Evaluation of immunohistochemical expression of ghrelin-producing rectal cells in Wistar rats underwent to the cafeteria diet

PURPOSE:To investigate the impact of cafeteria diet on ghrelin expression in rectal tissue and identify the morphologic cell type. METHODS:Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four subgroups of six animals each: RC1 (rat chow 1) and CAF1 (cafeteria diet 1) for a period of 30 days; RC2 (rat chow 2) and CAF2 (cafeteria diet 2) for a period of 60 days. The animal and rectal weight, the number and the type of immunoreactive ghrelin cells were recorded and compared between the subgroups. The statistical study was established by ANOVA and Student's t test. RESULTS:There was no difference in the total of immunoreactive cells (p=0.685) between the subgroups nor between weight and presence or absence of ghrelin expression (p=0.993). All the immunoreactive cells identified were closed-type. CONCLUSION:The cafeteria diet did not have influence on the amount of immunoreactive rectal cells of ghrelin and only one type (closed-type) of immunoreactive cells was expressed in the rectum.

Relación del consumo de alimentos de alto índice glicémico en la dieta y los niveles de HbA1c en individuos Diabéticos Tipo 2 en tratamiento con dieta y/o Metformina

En la actualidad aún no existe consenso acerca de recomendaciones claras sobre el uso de IG (índice glicémico) de los alimentos para el control dietético de la DM2 (diabetes mellitus 2). Distintas entidades proponen el uso de conteo de CHO (hidratos de carbono), pues no se cuenta con evidencia suficiente para la planificación dietética en base al IG. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar el consumo de alimentos de alto IG con el control glicémico de pacientes DM 2 del programa de salud cardiovascular de tres CESFAM (centro de salud familiar) de la comuna de Santiago, Chile. Se seleccionaron 40 sujetos a quienes se les realizó evaluación antropométrica y una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo alimentaria de 30 dias modificada. Se obtuvieron IG, CG (carga glicémica), número de porciones de alto IG consumidas/dia y cantidad de CHO totales consumidos/día. Éstos se correlacionaron con valores de HbA1c (hemoglobina glicosilada) de los últimos 3 meses obtenidos de la ficha clínica. La edad promedio total fue 58.6 ± 9.5 años. El porcentaje de obesidad fue 62,5% y el promedio IMC de 32.5. El valor promedio de HbA1c fue 7.08 ± 1.6, para HbA1c <7% fue 57.5%. La cantidad total de CHO ingerida/dia fue de 403.8 g. El promedio de IG y CG fue de 78.5 y 317.5 g respectivamente. El número total de porciones de alimentos con IG alto consumido al día fue 21.8. Se obtuvo correlación estadísticamente significativa entre HbA1c y número de porciones de alto IG (r= 0.56 p=0.002). Para el resto de las variables no se encontró correlación con significancia estadística (p>0.05). Por cada porción extra de alimentos con alto IG se observó un aumento de la HbA1c en un 0,9%. En nuestra población estudiada la cantidad de alimentos con alto IG consumidos/dia se correlacionó signicativamante con los valores de HbA1c.

Relationship of consumption of high glycemic index food in the diet and levels of HbA1c in type 2 diabetic patients treated with diet and / or Metformin. At present there is still no clear consensus on recommendations on the use of GI of foods for the dietary management of T2DM. Rather different entities propose the use of carbohydrate counting, because there is not even enough evidence for dietary planning based on this index. The aim of this study was to relate consumption of high GI food with glycemic control of type 2 diabetes patients from the cardiovascular health program of 3 CESFAM (Family Health Centers) in Santiago, Chile. Forty individuals were selected, anthropometric measurements were conducted as well as a modified poll of frequency of food consumption of 30 days. Data from GI, GL, number of servings with high GI consumed per day and total amount of CARB consumed per day. Correlations were determined with values of HbA1c of the last 3 month obtained from the medical record. The average age was 58.6 ± 9.5 years. The percentage of obesity was 62,5% and the average BMI was 32,5. The average HbA1c value was 7.08 ± 1.6, for HbA1c <7% it was 57,5%. The total amount of CARB ingested/day was 403,8 g. The average of GI and GL was 78.5 and 317.5 respectively. The total number of servings of food with high GI ingested per day was 21,8. There was a statistically significant correlation between HbA1c and number of servings with high GI (r= 0.56 p=0.002). For the remaining variables there was no statistically significant correlation (p>0.05). For each extra serving of high GI food there was an increase of 0.9% of HbA1c. In our research population the amount of food with high GI ingested per day was significantly correlated with values of HbA1c.

Time motion analysis of football (soccer) referees during official matches in relation to the type of fluid consumed

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of volume and composition of fluid replacement on the physical performance of male football referees. Ten referees were evaluated during three official matches. In one match the participants were asked to consume mineral water ad libitum, and in the others they consumed a pre-determined volume of mineral water or a carbohydrate electrolyte solution (6.4 percent carbohydrate and 22 mM Na+) equivalent to 1 percent of their baseline body mass (half before the match and half during the interval). Total water loss, sweat rate and match physiological performance were measured. When rehydrated ad libitum (pre-match and at half time) participants lost 1.97 ± 0.18 percent of their pre-match body mass (2.14 ± 0.19 L). This parameter was significantly reduced when they consumed a pre-determined volume of fluid. Sweat rate was significantly reduced when the referees ingested a pre-determined volume of a carbohydrate electrolyte solution, 0.72 ± 0.12 vs 1.16 ± 0.11 L/h ad libitum. The high percentage (74.1 percent) of movements at low speed (walking, jogging) observed when they ingested fluid ad libitum was significantly reduced to 71 percent with mineral water and to 69.9 percent with carbohydrate solution. An increase in percent movement expended in backward running was observed when they consumed a pre-determined volume of carbohydrate solution, 7.7 ± 0.5 vs 5.5 ± 0.5 percent ad libitum. The improved hydration status achieved with the carbohydrate electrolyte solution reduced the length of time spent in activities at low-speed movements and increased the time spent in activities demanding high-energy expenditure.

Regulação do metabolismo de glicose e ácido graxo no músculo esquelético durante exercício físico / Regulation of glucose and fatty acid metabolism in skeletal muscle during contraction

O ciclo glicose-ácido graxo explica a preferência do tecido muscular pelos ácidos graxos durante atividade moderada de longa duração. Em contraste, durante o exercício de alta intensidade, há aumento na disponibilidade e na taxa de oxidação de glicose. A produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) durante a atividade muscular sugere que o balanço redox intracelular é importante na regulação do metabolismo de lipídios/carboidratos. As EROs diminuem a atividade do ciclo de Krebs e aumentam a atividade da proteína desacopladora mitocondrial. O efeito oposto é esperado durante a atividade moderada. Assim, as questões levantadas nesta revisão são: Por que o músculo esquelético utiliza preferencialmente os lipídios no estado basal e de atividade moderada? Por que o ciclo glicose-ácido graxo falha em exercer seus efeitos durante o exercício intenso? Como o músculo esquelético regula o metabolismo de lipídios e carboidratos em regime envolvendo o ciclo contração-relaxamento.

The glucose-fatty acid cycle explains the preference for fatty acid during moderate and long duration physical exercise. In contrast, there is a high glucose availability and oxidation rate in response to intense physical exercise. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during physical exercise suggests that the redox balance is important to regulate of lipids/carbohydrate metabolism. ROS reduces the activity of the Krebs cycle, and increases the activity of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins. The opposite effects happen during moderate physical activity. Thus, some issues is highlighted in the present review: Why does skeletal muscle prefer lipids in the basal and during moderate physical activity? Why does glucose-fatty acid fail to carry out their effects during intense physical exercise? How skeletal muscles regulate the lipids and carbohydrate metabolism during the contraction-relaxation cycle?.

Glycaemic & insulinaemic responses in men at rest following sago meal.

Background & objective: Sago (Metroxylin sagu) is one of the main sources of native starch. In Malaysia sago dishes are commonly eaten with sugar. However, other societies use sago as a staple food item instead of rice or potato. The study was undertaken to investigate the effect of ingestion of different physical forms of sago supplementation on plasma glucose and plasma insulin responses, as compared to the white bread supplementation in man, during resting condition. Methods: Twelve male subjects were given in random order with three different physical forms of a sago supplementation, viz., sago porridge (SR), sago paste (SP), sago gel (SG) and white bread (WB) which was repeated on separate days, at least, 1 wk apart after an overnight fast. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min after the start of each meal and were analyzed for plasma levels of glucose and insulin. Results: Plasma glucose reached peak at 45 min after supplementation of various sago meals. Plasma glucose area under the curve (AUC) for WB was significantly lower than SG but not significantly different from SR and SP. No significant difference was observed in plasma glucose AUC among the three sago meals. Plasma insulin AUC for SG was significantly higher than WB and SR. All three sago meals tested were not significantly different in their glycaemic responses. However, the insulin response was significantly lower for SR compared to SP and SG. Interpretation & conclusions: The present findings suggest that any one of the three sago meals tested in this study may be used to elucidate the effect of sago starch ingestion on exercise performance in the heat. Sago paste and sago porridge may be used for supplementation before and during exercise, whereas, sago gel may be used after endurance exercise during recovery process.

Dietary glycemic load, glycemic index, and refined grains intake are associated with reduced beta-cell function in prediabetic Japanese migrants / Associação entre carga glicêmica da dieta, índice glicêmico e consumo de cereais refinados e função reduzida das células-beta em migrantes japoneses com pré-diabetes

Objective: To investigate the association between carbohydrate intakes and β-cell function (HOMA-β) in Japanese-Brazilians with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Methods: Dietary intakes were assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire in a cross-sectional survey carried out in 2000. The associations between diet and HOMA-β were verified in 270 newly diagnosed IGT in multiple linear regression models. Results: The mean (SD) age was 58 (11) years and the mean HOMA-β was 65 (47). The glycemic load was inversely associated with HOMA-β, β1 -0.140 (95%CI = -1.044; -0.078), p = 0.023. The inverse association was also observed for refined grains intakes: -0.186 (95%CI = -0.4862; -0.058), p = 0.012. After adjustments for body mass index, the glycemic index was inversely associated with HOMA-β: -0.1246 (95%CI = -2.2482, -0.0257), p < 0.001. Conclusions: These data suggested that dietary glycemic load, glycemic index, and refined grains intakes are associated with reduced β-cell function, and the quality of dietary carbohydrates may be relevant for maintaining β-cell function among individuals with IGT.

Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre o consumo de carboidratos e função das células-β (HOMA-β) em nipo-brasileiros portadores de tolerância à glicose diminuída (TGD). Métodos: O consumo alimentar habitual foi avaliado por meio do questionário quantitativo de frequência alimentar previamente validado em estudo transversal conduzido em 2000. A associação entredieta e HOMA-β foi verificada em 270 indivíduos portadores de TGD em modelos de regressão logística ajustados. Resultados: A média (DP) de idade foi 58 (11) anos e do HOMA-β foi 65 (47). A carga glicêmica foi inversamente associada ao HOMA-β, β1 -0.140 (95%CI = -1.044; -0.078), p = 0,023. Associação inversa com o consumo de cereais refinados também foi observada: -0.186 (95%CI = -0.4862; -0.058), p = 0,012. Após ajuste pelo índice de massa corpórea, foi verificada a associação inversa entre índice glicêmico e HOMA-β: -0.1246 (95%CI = -2.2482, -0.0257), p < 0,001. Conclusões: Os dados indicam que a carga glicêmica da dieta, o índice glicêmico e o consumo de cereais refinados estão associados a uma função reduzida das células-β e que aqualidade dos carboidratos da dieta habitual pode ser relevante na manutenção da função de células-β entre indivíduos portadores de TGD.

Effect of carbohydrate availability on time to exhaustion in exercise performed at two different intensities

This study examined the effects of pre-exercise carbohydrate availability on the time to exhaustion for moderate and heavy exercise. Seven men participated in a randomized order in two diet and exercise regimens each lasting 3 days with a 1-week interval for washout. The tests were performed at 50 percent of the difference between the first (LT1) and second (LT2) lactate breakpoint for moderate exercise (below LT2) and at 25 percent of the difference between the maximal load and LT2 for heavy exercise (above LT2) until exhaustion. Forty-eight hours before each experimental session, subjects performed a 90-min cycling exercise followed by 5-min rest periods and a subsequent 1-min cycling bout at 125 percent VO2max/1-min rest periods until exhaustion to deplete muscle glycogen. A diet providing 10 percent (CHOlow) or 65 percent (CHOmod) energy as carbohydrates was consumed for 2 days until the day of the experimental test. In the exercise below LT2, time to exhaustion did not differ between the CHOmod and the CHOlow diets (57.22 ± 24.24 vs 57.16 ± 25.24 min). In the exercise above LT2, time to exhaustion decreased significantly from 23.16 ± 8.76 min on the CHOmod diet to 18.30 ± 5.86 min on the CHOlow diet (P < 0.05). The rate of carbohydrate oxidation, respiratory exchange ratio and blood lactate concentration were reduced for CHOlow only during exercise above LT2. These results suggest that muscle glycogen depletion followed by a period of a low carbohydrate diet impairs high-intensity exercise performance.

Índice glicêmico: uma abordagem crítica acerca de sua utilização na prevenção e no tratamento de fatores de risco cardiovasculares / Glycemic index: a critical analysis of its use as a tool to prevent and treat cardiovascular risk factors

As doenças cardiovasculares são consideradas um grande problema de saúde pública, uma vez que são a principal causa de morte no Brasil e no mundo. Essas doenças possuem etiologia multifatorial. Além da susceptibilidade genética, outros fatores, tais como idade e presença de hipertensão arterial, dislipidemias, obesidade, diabetes mellitus, inatividade física e alguns hábitos alimentares inadequados, são considerados importantes fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. O elevado consumo de carboidratos tem sido associado ao aumento da obesidade, às dislipidemias, à intolerância à glicose/diabetes mellitus e à resistência insulínica, estando, dessa forma, entre os fatores de risco das doenças cardiovasculares. Entretanto, existem controvérsias acerca da influência da qualidade do carboidrato ingerido no desenvolvimento de tais doenças, independentemente da quantidade ingerida. O índice glicêmico é um indicador da qualidade do carboidrato ingerido. Sua utilidade em condições de vida livre tem sido questionada, devido à interferência de vários fatores, os quais são difíceis de serem controlados sob tais condições. Este trabalho objetivou analisar criticamente os estudos que avaliaram o efeito do índice glicêmico dos alimentos na manifestação de doenças cardiovasculares e seus fatores de risco.

Cardiovascular diseases are considered a great public health problem since they are the main cause of death in Brazil and in the world. These diseases have a multifactorial etiology. Besides genetic susceptibility, other factors such as age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, diabetes mellitus, physical inactivity and some inadequate dietary habits are considered important risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, there are several controversies concerning how the quality of the ingested carbohydrate influences the development of such diseases, regardless of amount. The glycemic index is an indicator of carbohydrate quality. Its use in free living conditions has been questioned, due to the interference of several factors which are difficult to control under such conditions. The aim of this paper was to critically analyze studies that evaluated the effect of the glycemic index of foods in the manifestation of cardiovascular diseases and its risk factors.

Sobrecrecimiento bacteriano intestinal en pacientes con pancreatitis crónica / Small intestine bacterial overgrowth in patients with chronic pancreatitis

Background: Previous reports describe 30-40 percent of small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP), SIBO is a cause of persistent symptoms in this group of patients even when they are treated with pancreatic enzymes. Aim: To asses the frequency of SIBO in patients with CP. Patients and methods: We studied 14 patients with CP using an hydrogen breath test with lactulose to detect SIBO, a nonabsorbable carbohydrate, whose results are not influenced by the presence of exocrine insufficiency. Main symptoms and signs were bloating in 9 (64 percent), recurrent abdominal pain in 8 (57 percent), intermittent diarrhea in 5 (36 percent) and steatorrhea in 5 (36 percent). At the same time we studied a healthy control group paired by age and sex. Results: SIBO was present in 13 of 14 patients with CP (92 percent) and in 1 of 14 controls (p<0.001). The only patient with CP and without SIBO was recently diagnosed and had minimal morphologic alterations in computed tomography and endoscopic pancreatography Conclusions: SIBO is common in CP and may be responsible for persistent symptoms. Proper diagnosis and treatment could alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life.